![]() ![]() In either case, it is a large scale, bold decision to put oneself out there and be seen by the populace. The purpose of organizing may be to give personal support to the struggles of other people, or to create political change. He reviews three important ways in which authors have framed resistance in past research (passive-active, micro-macro and overt-covert), and further argues that these elements are continuums rather than distinct dichotomies or “boxes” into which one can place resistant acts.Ī Poster for the Rock Against Racism ConcertsĪt the macro level, a participant of a subculture may organize a collective group of people to resist a common societal ideology together. Williams (2009) argues for a nuanced understanding of resistance. Scholars have differing opinions on whether or not resistant acts that go unnoticed still count as resistance (Hollander and Einwohner 2004).Ĭategorizing different types of resistance neatly into separate types of deviance is both difficult and undesirable because it simplifies the complex nature of resistance. The relevance of public recognition is also unclear. However, many scholars disagree over the idea of intent, the extent to which resistant individuals must see themselves as resisting (Hollander and Einwohner 2004). Given these basic commonalities, it is no wonder that many scholars apply resistance to a vast range of behaviors. In other words, opposition is the degree of deviance from the dominant culture. Opposition means, broadly speaking, that resistance is against someone or something that is seen as unjust or unfair. Action is the idea that resistance is not a quality or state of being, but active behavior done in opposition. Hollander and Einwohner (2004) reviewed hundreds of articles and found that given the multitude of ways that scholars define resistance, there are two basic, essential elements that define resistance: action and opposition. There is a very wide range of ways that resistance has been conceptualized in sociological literature. As these subcultural participants resist the dominant system, Raby (2005) argues that resistance varies between pleasurable and playful rebellion during childhood and adulthood, to moments of deviance from social norms in which individuals focus effort into directly contesting specific agents of social control. Through their resistance, subcultures undermine the hegemonic social meanings and power relationships that influence our actions in many ways ( Haenfler 2014). Subculturalists resist the norms and values of a culture they see as exerting ideological and coercive control over their lives. A cornerstone for many of these subcultures is the act of resisting this system and living in a way that contradicts what the population as a whole agrees upon to be “normal” and “polite.” Subculturalists oppose a culture they view as hegemonic and see the dominant culture as one that enforces conformity. Given the broad nature of resistance, this page focuses on resistance which occurs amongst subcultures and reviews some of the broad theories and categorizations of resistance. Resistance can occur at the micro level of individual people all the way to the macro level of protests that bring down whole governments. Resistance is a complex social phenomenon that can include a broad range of behaviors and actions. ![]() Commodification, Diffusion, and Defusion.Mapping the Landscape of Sexual Deviance.Toggle navigation Subcultures and Sociology Grinnell College
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